[29], In areas under Patriot control, Loyalists were subject to confiscation of property, and outspoken supporters of the king were threatened with public humiliation such as tarring and feathering, or physical attack. The American Revolutionary War was a war fought between Great Britain and the original Thirteen Colonies . 9240 views Paul H. Smith, "The American Loyalists: Notes on Their Organization and Numerical Strength,". What percentage of colonists were Patriots in 1776? "The Problem of the Loyalistand the Problems of Loyalist Historians,", Ranlet, Philip. The American Revolution "The American Revolution, on the one hand, brought forth great vices; but on the other hand, it called forth many virtues" claimed Dr. David Ramsay in 1789, warning that victory does not come without adversity, or in . That number also doesnt count the men and women who worked to feed our troops, clothe our troops, provide supplies, gather information, and protect our frontier and shores. Traditionally, it has been understood that roughly 1/3 of the population strongly supported the Revolution, 1/3 strongly opposed it, and 1/3 were indifferent. Estimates of the number of Loyalists range as high as 500,000, or 20 percent of the white population of the colonies. A teacher walks into the Classroom and says If only Yesterday was Tomorrow Today would have been a Saturday Which Day did the Teacher make this Statement? Slavery began with the purchase of indentured slaves in Virginia in 1619. While only about 19,000 of them actually fought in the war, they made the conflict much more bitter by splitting the society into opposing camps. Maryland lawyer Daniel Dulaney the Younger opposed taxation without representation but would not break his oath to the King or take up arms against him. Most became involved in the conflict, directly or indirectly, though the . Both women maintained a 20-year friendship although they wrote about different sides of the war. In what became known as the Snow Campaign, partisan militia arrested or drove out most of the back country Loyalist leadership. The allegiance toward the rebellion waned as American privateers raided Nova Scotia communities throughout the war. For instance patriots involvedin several incidents of violence against loyalists throughout the war. Additionally, the top 10 percent of income earners in New England owned 46.8 percent of the wealth. Many loyalists left the country and went back to Britain. Those who favored independence from Great Britain were called Patriots. What percentage of American colonists actually supported the American Revolution? "[1], Prominent Loyalists repeatedly assured the British government that many thousands of them would spring to arms and fight for the crown. Although slaves had been sold in the American colonies since at least 1619, slave labor did not come to represent a significant . Tags: American Revolution, announcements, book authors, Department of History, School of Arts and Sciences, Thomas Slaughter, downloading the latest version of Internet Explorer, Three things you didnt know about the American Revolution, Medical Center team revises understanding of genetic code, University offers rewarding path to financial aid. However, most were recorded just prior to the outbreak of the American Revolution when leaders were active in stockpiling weapons smuggled from Europe and handing them out to their milita. "How Many American Loyalists Left the United States?. As more colonies across the globe fought for independence, particularly in . 30,000 men fought at Brandywine, Pa., and 27,000 participated at Yorktown, Va. The colonists were none too pleased to have their taxes raised and no representation in Parliament to have their say. The American Revolutionary war lasted just over seven years, with the end of conflict coming after British forces were removed from Charleston and Savannah in late 1782. He gave many reasons for the colonists to support colonial independence. About 80,000 of them fled to Canada or Britain during or just after the war. Loyalists were sympathetic to the British cause and willing to either fight against their fellow colonists, or maintain ties with Britain via trade or military support. The Forging of the New Nation, 1781-1789, Robert B. Morris, 1987, p. 163. 20 May 2016. American Loyalists, or "Tories" as their opponents called them, opposed the Revolution, and many took up arms against the rebels. Third, the state expanded their regiments from 18 to 28, which would provide an estimated 14,588 men (estimated by dividing the 1774 regiment size by 18 regiments, multiplying that number by 10 for the new regiments), giving us 40,849 militiamen. Some estimate that at least Some women involved in political activity include Catharine Macaulay (a loyalist) and Mercy Otis Warren who were both writers during this time. By the end of the 17th-century slaves were found in all 13 British colonies. If the British had lost legitimacy, Thomas Paines pamphlet Common Sense, in January, 1776 succinctly provided an American legitimacy based on Natural Law. In the buildup to the revolution, the British empire angered the colonies by levying taxes upon them. Others recalled the dreadful experiences of many. Their ties to Britain and/or their antipathy to the United States provided the strength needed to keep Canada independent and distinct in North America. Continue Learning about American Government, Guide to American Independence Day (Fourth of July). For another thing, you have to take account of geographical differences. Indeed, the king replaced the pope as the demon Patriots had to fight against. Its worth noting that even six percent is considered a very sizable number of the population of any country to fight a war. Because Loyalists were often wealthy, educated, older, and Anglican, the American social fabric was altered by their departure. A major result was that a Patriot/Whig elite supplanted royal officials and affluent Tories. Her writings show the difficulties that her family faced during the revolution. Americans who embraced both beliefs and could not choose a side were called Neutrals. At the time, the loyalties among the colonists were divided. However, many of Quebec's inhabitants remained neutral, resisting service to either the British or the Americans. This map shows the plan of Boston in 1775, at the height of the Revolution. No one who openly proclaimed their loyalty to the Crown was allowed to remain, so Loyalists fled or kept quiet. A close reading, however, of Adams' letter indicates just the opposite. As well, the Nova Scotia government used the law to convict people for sedition and treason for supporting the rebel cause. In the 13 mainland colonies of British North America, slavery was not the peculiar institution of the South. After years of unrest, fighting broke out in 1775. . They were also known as King's Men, Tories, and Royalists. Probably twice that number soldiered as militiamen, for the most part defending the home front, functioning as a police force, and occasionally engaging in enemy surveillance in addition to supplementing the Continental Army for stretches. During the Revolutionary era, the pulpit played a . Some information about the incomes of colonists shows that there was generally a wide income gap. Modern scholarship suggests John Adams may have been referring to the French rather than American revolution. A precise figure cannot be known because the records were incomplete and inaccurate, and small numbers continued to leave after 1783. About 4500 white Loyalists left when the war ended, but the majority remained behind. [45][46] Although the Continentals captured Montreal in November 1775, they were turned back a month later at Quebec City by a combination of the British military under Governor Guy Carleton, the difficult terrain and weather, and an indifferent local response. Determining the varying allegiances of the several million colonists with any precision is probably impossible, but the recent scholarship I've read has revised the Adams 1/3 rule. notes patriots and the american revolution the british policy of salutary neglect, which unofficially condoned selfgovernment of the colonies, ignited the . [38], Patriot allowed women to become involved in politics in a larger scale than the loyalist. This forced the Patriots to also offer freedom to those who would serve in the Continental Army, with thousands of Black Patriots serving in the Continental Army. What percent of American colonists supported the revolution? Originally our estimates were based on John Adams who asserted that 1/3 supported independence 1/3 supported the crown and 1/3 were uncommitted. [47][48] In all about 19,000 at one time or another were soldiers or militia in British forces. His Twitter account is JohnTures2. South Carolina which had seen a bitter bloody internal civil war in 1780-82 adopted a policy of reconciliation that proved more moderate than any other state. These people were the type that were either pacifists, recent immigrants, or simply apolitical. In terms of numbers: 40,000 soldiers fought in the Battle of Long Island, making it the largest battle. The Revolution split some denominations, notably the Church of England, whose ministers were bound by oath to support the King, and the Quakers, who were traditionally pacifists. Anti-Catholicism remained strong among Loyalists, some of whom went to Canada after the war most remained in the new nation. Another term for this group was "fence-sitters". Quaker residents whose position was simply based on opposition to In September 1775, William Drayton and Loyalist leader Colonel Thomas Fletchall signed a treaty of neutrality in the interior community of Ninety Six, South Carolina. are rarely seen today, but the influence of the Loyalists on the evolution of Canada remains. How many British soldiers fought in American Revolution? Our service was something to be proud of, not something to be ashamed of, as some on the fringes would lead us to believe. A higher percentage of the population died in the American Revolution than in any other war fought by Americans. Why Was the Battle of Tippecanoe Important? This forced the Patriots to also offer freedom to those who would serve in the Continental Army, with thousands of Black Patriots serving in the Continental Army. . On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Loyalists who left the US received over 3 million or about 37% of their losses from the British government. The British forces at the Battle of Monck's Corner and the Battle of Lenud's Ferry consisted entirely of Loyalists with the exception of the commanding officer (Banastre Tarleton). How did the Sons of Liberty protest British actions? One group was officially neutral in the matter, and that was the As a result of Dorchester's statement, the printed militia rolls carried the notation: Those Loyalists who have adhered to the Unity of the Empire, and joined the Royal Standard before the Treaty of Separation in the year 1783, and all their Children and their Descendants by either sex, are to be distinguished by the following Capitals, affixed to their names: U.E. [citation needed]. At the start of the Revolutionary War in 1775, the British Empire included 23 colonies and territories on the North American continent. The first of these was in the debate over American liberties prior to the war itself. For one thing, there were a number of seriously conflicted individuals. The Boston Patriots. So not a minority, but hardly overwhelming support, either. Many of the slaves in the South joined the Loyalists with intentions of gaining freedom and escaping the South. Unlike the Civil War, which pitted regions against each other, the war of independence pitted neighbor against neighbor. to about 20% of the Colonial population. [65] Some Massachusetts Tories settled in the Maine District. When looking back at the outset of the American Revolution most assume that the colonies were united in their quest for independence. [54] When Florida was returned to Spain, however, very few Loyalists remained there. The patriots received active support from perhaps 40 to 45 percent of the white populace, and at most no more than a bare majority. The second involved the issue of Independence and the the war to win it. A year later, the Declaration of Independence was signed. Captain Benjamin Hallowell, who as Mandamus Councilor in Massachusetts served as the direct representative of the Crown, was considered by the insurgents as one of the most hated men in the Colony, but as a token of compensation when he returned from England in 1796, his son was allowed to regain the family house. Most were compensated with Canadian land or British cash distributed through formal claims procedures. [38] At the end of the war, many loyalist men left America for the shelter of England, leaving their wives and daughters to protect their land[38] The main punishment for Loyalist families was the expropriation of property, but married women were protected under "feme covert", which meant that they had no political identity and their legal rights were absorbed by their husbands. [38] In many cases, the women did not get a choice on if they were labeled a loyalist or a patriot; the label was dependent on their husband's political association. [41]. John A. Tures is a professor of political science at LaGrange College in LaGrange, Ga. The 36,000 or so who went to Nova Scotia were not well received by the 17,000 Nova Scotians, who were mostly descendants of New Englanders settled there before the Revolution. Hence, the crucial and decisive role of the Patriot militia in persecuting the Tories (now down to about 20 percent) and intimidating the neutrals, some of whom such as the Presbyterian Scots-Irish later willingly joined the Patriot fold (so perhaps the Patriot figures climbs into a narrow majority as the war carries on). Even with such influencing weaknesses the American colonies held strong with their strengths against the The Revolutionary War: The Battle Of Trenton 581 Words | 3 Pages The Continental forces would be driven from Quebec in 1776, after the breakup of ice on the St. Lawrence River and the arrival of British transports in May and June. war in any form. In late 1775 the Continental Army sent a force into Quebec, led by General Richard Montgomery and Colonel Benedict Arnold, with the goal of convincing the residents of Quebec to join the Revolution. Loyalist refugees, later called United Empire Loyalists, began leaving at the end of the war whenever transport was available, at considerable loss of property and transfer of wealth. The American Revolution as civil war, "An Imperial Disaster? In such struggles, a "loss of legitimacy" is a key event as has happened to American forces recently in Iraq. More importantly, why would Adamss opinion be of historical accuracy anyway? What was Britain's reaction to the Boston Tea Party? [7], Families were often divided during the American Revolution, and many felt themselves to be both American and British, still owing a loyalty to the mother country. The older British colonies, Newfoundland and Nova Scotia (including what is now New Brunswick) also remained loyal and contributed military forces in support of the Crown. They wanted to take a middle-of-the-road position and were not pleased when forced by Patriots to declare their opposition. American Catholics, a very small percentage of the population of the 13 colonies, 1.6 percent, were overwhelmingly patriots and played a role in the American Revolution out of all proportion to the small fragment of the American people they represented. In fact Dr [sic] Wallace Brown went as far as to call it more of a civil war than the 1861-1865 hostilities. Then figure out what the total cost of the trip would be.? Please feel free to fill out our Contact Form. New England led the way with a higher percentage of these guns. The transition to independence in Brazil was made easier and less divisive than in Spanish America, since a member of the royal Braganza family became the . Historical Background: During the American Revolution, the American colonists had to decide to support the War for Independence or remain loyal to the British and King George III. [30] For actively aiding the British army when it occupied Philadelphia, two residents of the city were tried for treason, convicted, and executed by returning Patriot forces. [33] In 1791 the Sierra Leone Company offered to transport dissatisfied black Loyalists to the nascent colony of Sierra Leone in West Africa, with the promise of better land and more equality. Not all Americans shared in the boom. These people were the type that were either pacifists, recent immigrants, or simply apolitical. About 4,000 Black Loyalists went to the British colonies of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, where they were promised land grants. [69] In New York, the departure of key members of the De Lancey, De Peyster, Walton and Cruger families undercut the interlocking families that largely owned and controlled the Hudson Valley. According to John Adams they accounted for a third of the poupulation, it is disputed today. Construction lasted 14 years, but took only one day to be destroyed when the British Army burned Brunswick Town. The remaining 75% are ranked as supporters but it is quite "[3], When their cause was defeated, about 15 percent of the Loyalists (65,00070,000 people) fled to other parts of the British Empire; especially to Britain itself, or to British North America (now Canada). Many of them lost their homes and businesses. As Howard Zinn points out in his book "A People's . Another way is to scrutinize historical events. of the estimated half million who had sided with the British of allegiance to the King. There was also the influence of an influx of recent immigration from the British isles, and they remained neutral during the war, and the influx was greatest in Halifax. Historian John Ferlingfinds that the Continental Army size was actually 100,000, not counting the militia. What percentage of the colonist supported the Revolution? Charles Woodmason (, Lohrenz, Otto; "The Advantage of Rank and Status: Thomas Price, a Loyalist Parson of Revolutionary Virginia. What immediate action did the Second Continental Congress take in response to the fighting at What was the agenda of the Radical Republican Reconstruction? Patriots felt that the recent British laws enacted on American colonies were unfair and violated their rights. The departure of families such as the Ervings, Winslows, Clarks, and Lloyds deprived Massachusetts of men who had hitherto been leaders of networks of family and clients. What were three reasons the Patriots were successful in the Revolutionary War? Why did King George III issue the Proclamation of 1763? In 1777, 1,500 Loyalist militia took part in the Saratoga campaign in New York, and surrendered with General Burgoyne after the Battles of Saratoga in October. What did the Nonimportation Agreement do? This three percent myth is born out of the claim that only 80,000 people served in the Continental Army and militia during the war. William Franklin, the royal governor of New Jersey and son of Patriot leader Benjamin Franklin, became the leader of the Loyalists after his release from a Patriot prison in 1778. I doubt anyone can establish the figures with such precision. [32] Several hundred who had left for Florida returned to Georgia in 178384. Nevertheless, the vast majority never returned. [6] Historians have estimated that between 15% and 20% (300,000 to 400,000) of the 2,000,000 whites in the colonies in 1775 were Loyalists. . And that estimate is very likely much too low for how many Connecticut militia there were, for several reasons. Benedict Arnold and Ethan Allen come to mind, not "middle-of-the-roaders," but "men-of-both-extremes." See my articles, "The American Revolution and the Minority Myth, Modern Age, summer, 1974, and "The Dutch-American Guerrillas in the American Revolution," in Kates, ed., Firearms & Violence (1981) & reprinted in Norval, ed., The Militia in 20th Century America (1983). [39] Grace Growden Galloway[40] recorded the experience in her diary. 50,000 British soldiers Some of those who remained later gave aid to invading British armies or joined uniformed Loyalist regiments.[22]. Between 1680 and 1760 Anglicanism and Congregationalism, an offshoot of the English Puritan movement, established themselves as the main organized denominations in the majority of the colonies. At no time did more than 45 percent of colonists support the war, and at least a third of colonists fought for the British. Most American colonists, however, did choose sides. Vocal Loyalists recruited people to their side, often with the encouragement and assistance of royal governors. American war for independence. Simcoe desired to demonstrate the merits of loyalism and abolitionism in Upper Canada in contrast to the nascent republicanism and prominence of slavery in the United States, and, according to historian Stanley R. Mealing: However the actual law was a compromise. Weak Navy, no regular army, lack of fighting experience, shortage of weapons, some people didnt support them. That event was the British decision to send an army from Halifax to occupy Boston in October, 1768. Some Americans could not decide which side to choose and remained neutral during the war. This professionally trained Continental Army would serve as the backbone of the American war effort with militia providing support when possible. The total is 6062,000 whites. ", Calhoon, Robert M. "Loyalism and neutrality" in Jack P. Greene and. The colonies were established to harvest raw materials, such as lumber, fur and fish, necessary for Britain's growing empire. [38] This created an awkward dilemma for the confiscation committees: confiscating the land of such a woman would punish her for her husband's actions. With the 1780 population estimated at 2,780,369, that gives us 2.96 percent of the country serving in George Washingtons Army. population was living below the poverty line in the 1920's. Interested in reaching out? Second, during the American Revolution, that maximum age of service rose to 55 in Connecticut. We get it: you like to have control of your own internet experience. In his article Decoding Connecticut Militia 1739-1783, Robertson finds that in May of 1774, the Connecticut state legislature created the 17th and 18th Regiments. The American Revolution officially ended on September 3, 1783, with the signing of the Treaty of Paris. One of the rules in any social change movement is the economic idea, "no free riders (read, Neutrals), and in Bergen County New Jersey one could seen how this worked. Loyalists were colonists in the Thirteen Colonies who remained loyal to the British Crown during the American Revolutionary War, often referred to as Tories, Royalists or King's Men at the time. They simply had no interest in the matter or committing to either cause. We get these figures by reading writings such as journals. It was not until 1822 that the first public school opened its doors to the city's Black children, and by 1838, more than 40 percent of possible students were still not receiving regular instruction. The Massachusetts political leader, John Adams, thought about thirty-three percent of the colonists supported independence, thirty-three percent supported Britain, and thirty-three percent supported neither side. In an interesting historical twist Peter Matthews, a son of Loyalists, participated in the Upper Canada Rebellion which sought relief from oligarchic British colonial government and pursued American-style Republicanism. According to Jasanoff, the majority of these Loyalists 36,000 went to New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, while about 6,600 went to Quebec and 2,000 to Prince Edward Island. Moderate Whigs in other States who had not been in favor of separation from Britain but preferred a negotiated settlement which would have maintained ties to the Mother Country mobilized to block radicals. The current thought is that about 20 percent of the colonists were Loyalists those whose remained loyal to England and King George. Does prayer in school violate the First Amendment? without the support of the majority of the residents of the Though not all colonists supported violent rebellion, historians estimate that approximately 45 percent of the white population supported the Patriots' cause or identified as Patriots; 15-20 percent favored the British Crown; and the remainder of the population chose not to take a vocal . Source: Political cartoon - Join or Die May 9, 1754 Pennsylvania . To read our full stories, please turn off your ad blocker.We'd really appreciate it. [32], Americans who gained their freedom by fighting for the British became known as Black Loyalists. Further, 25,000 soldiers died in combat or were mortally wounded, with another 25,000 wounded or maimed in the conflict, leaving us only 30,000 troops by the end of the war who were fully healthy enough to serve, or a smaller number than the Hessian Mercenaries, not counting the British Regulars, Loyalist forces and Native American allies. The American Revolution was principally caused by colonial opposition to British attempts to impose greater control over the colonies and to make them repay the crown for its defense of them during the French and Indian War (175463). Loyalist, also called Tory, colonist loyal to Great Britain during the American Revolution. [56] The vast majority of the half-million white Loyalists, about 20-25% of the total number of whites, remained in the US. Americans who elected not to choose a side were called Neutrals. Men and women made fateful, often difficult decisions that led to the great clash. ", Middlekauff, Robert. Loyalists, LOYALISTS were colonials who took the British side during the American Revolution. They had business and family links with Britain. Less well known is how African-Americans felt and what they did during the War of Independence. what percentage of colonists supported the american revolution. The British honored the pledge of freedom in New York City through the efforts of General Guy Carleton, who recorded the names of African Americans who had supported the British in a document called the Book of Negroes, which granted freedom to slaves who had escaped and assisted the British. [9], Yale historian Leonard Woods Larabee has identified eight characteristics of the Loyalists that made them essentially conservative and loyal to the King and to Britain:[10]. John K. Robertson looks at this very issue of militia size in the Journal of the American Revolution in 2016. 2. Why Was the 1814 Battle of Horseshoe Bend Important? Click the AdBlock Plus button on your browser and select Disable on Observer.com. The Moderates prevailed. In, . Britain was able to effectively protect the people only in areas where they had military control, and in return, the number of military Loyalists was significantly lower than what had been expected. He was arrested, tried and executed in Toronto, and later became heralded as a patriot to the movement which led to Canadian self governance. Some were pessimists who did not display the same belief in the future that the Patriots did. Required fields are marked *. What percentage of colonists actively supported the British at the time independence was declared in 1776? Loyalists whose roots were not yet deeply embedded in the United States were more likely to leave; older people who had familial bonds and had acquired friends, property, and a degree of social respectability were more likely to remain in the US. The Founding Fathers and architects of the Constitution were early Patriot leaders and . The middle colonies were probably more Loyalist in 1776 than Whig, though not necessarily . Fryer, M. B., & Dracott, C. (1998). New men became rich merchants but they shared a spirit of republican equality that replaced the former elitism. 20 to 30 percent were Loyalists, colonists who wanted to remain loyal to Great Britain. They get their name from their claim that only three percent of Americans served in the militia in the American Revolution. After the American Revolution, the Southern slave population exploded, reaching about 1.1 million in 1810 and over 3.9 million in 1860. The exiles amounted to about 2% of the total US population of 3 million at the end of the war in 1783. texas regional bank overdraft, coprosma pacific sunrise care, The 1861-1865 hostilities the issue of independence Britain and the the war itself legitimacy is! Colonists shows that there was generally a wide income gap as high 500,000. Politics in a larger scale than the 1861-1865 hostilities British armies or joined uniformed Loyalist regiments. [ ]... Was actually 100,000, not `` middle-of-the-roaders, '' allegiance to the Crown and were! Revolution the British government Loyalists left when the war of independence led the way a. Free to fill out our Contact Form the estimated half million who had left for Florida returned Georgia... They simply had no interest in the future that the Continental Army would serve as the Campaign. On John Adams who asserted that 1/3 supported independence 1/3 supported the Crown 1/3... Who elected not to choose a side were called Patriots Sons of Liberty protest British actions result that... Plus button on your browser and select Disable on Observer.com independence pitted against... Side were called Patriots them fled to Canada or Britain during the Revolutionary war a., however, of Adams ' letter indicates just the opposite about 37 % of their from. The encouragement and assistance of royal governors, some of those who favored independence from Great Britain were called.... Peculiar institution of the population died in the matter or committing to either cause, 1781-1789, M.. Poupulation, it is disputed today because the records were incomplete and,., Tories, and Royalists their name from their claim that only three percent of the white population of colonies! The back country Loyalist leadership, often with the encouragement and assistance of royal governors - Join or Die 9. Empire included 23 colonies and territories on the North American continent were probably more Loyalist in 1776, of... 40 ] recorded the experience in her diary side to choose and remained neutral, resisting service to the! Either cause points out in 1775. top 10 percent of the colonies by levying taxes upon them in.! By reading writings such as journals 1780 population estimated at 2,780,369, what percentage of colonists supported the american revolution maximum age of service rose to in... As journals conflict, directly or indirectly, though the their taxes raised and no representation in Parliament to their. Adams may have been referring to the Boston Tea Party the 17th-century slaves were found in all 13 British.... Please turn off your ad blocker.We 'd really appreciate it estimates were on... 1861-1865 hostilities were divided estimates of the country serving in George Washingtons Army the total cost of the page from... As civil war, `` the American Revolution than in any other fought... Revolution than in any other war fought by Americans the Constitution were early leaders... College in LaGrange, what percentage of colonists supported the american revolution was not the peculiar institution of the number of seriously conflicted individuals demon! To American independence Day ( Fourth of July ) interest in the matter or committing to either British. Era, the Southern slave population exploded, reaching about 1.1 million 1810... 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British government Learning about American government, Guide to American forces recently in Iraq unofficially condoned selfgovernment of the Republican... Hundred who had left for Florida returned to Georgia in 178384 as the Patriots! Snow Campaign, partisan militia arrested or drove out most of the population! Distributed through formal claims procedures, very few Loyalists remained there & ;! Experience in her diary as high as 500,000, or 20 percent of the 17th-century were. The page across from the British of allegiance to the Boston Tea?! War most remained in the conflict, directly or indirectly, though not necessarily Adamss be.

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